Rev蛋白是HIV-1转录过程中不可缺少的调控蛋白,抑制Rev蛋白功能而阻断HIV-1病毒增殖被认为是一种全新的治疗艾滋病战略。Rev蛋白功能的实现有赖于其成功转入细胞核内,而这要经由Rev蛋白的核定位信号(NLS)功能完成。最近,加拿大研究人员发现,牛免疫缺陷病毒(BIV,是与人类艾滋病病毒相关的一种逆转录病毒)Rev蛋白具有二重核定位信号。这是科学家第一次在逆转录病毒中发现此种信号结构,被认为是分子生物学的一重大发现。相关研究成果发表在最近的《病毒学杂志》上。
与其他病毒一样,逆转录病毒无力进行自我复制,它们必须依靠宿主细胞才能繁殖。而Rev蛋白在这种病毒传播机制中起着至关重要的作用。依靠由氨基酸构成的核定位信号,Rev蛋白能进入被逆转录病毒感染细胞的细胞核内,通过与细胞核中的病毒RNAs绑定,使感染从早期阶段过渡到晚期阶段。过去几年对不同Rev蛋白的核定位信号研究表明,这些信号都是单分核定位信号,即由一个连续的氨基酸序列构成。
而加拿大魁北克大学蒙特利尔分校生物科学系教授丹尼斯阿尔尚博及博士生安德里亚克雷多戈麦斯研究发现,牛免疫缺陷病毒Rev蛋白具有二重核定位信号,它由两个氨基酸序列构成,由一个附加氨基酸序列分割。这是科学家首次在逆转录病毒蛋白研究,包括艾滋病病毒研究中发现此种信号结构。
尽管其他类型的蛋白也会有二重核定位信号,但此次新发现的核定位信号却不能与目前所知的任何蛋白的二重核定位信号相匹配。通常,一个二重核定位信号由两个氨基酸序列构成,它们被一个或短(约10个氨基酸)或长(约30个氨基酸)的间隔序列分隔。而在牛免疫缺陷病毒Rev蛋白中,间隔序列的长度(不长不短)和序列的氨基酸结构,使其核定位信号显得不合规则。
此外,研究人员还确认了一种新型的核仁定位信号(NoLS),该信号可使Rev蛋白能穿透到细胞核的核仁中去。这是该类型信号在细胞或病毒的蛋白质中首次被发现。
丹尼斯阿尔尚博教授指出,这一Rev蛋白与目前所研究的其他同类型蛋白完全不同。虽然这一发现仅是最基础的研究成果,但它表明,人类有机会对病毒,尤其是动物病毒有更多的了解。有了此一特殊模型,可使人们就蛋白定位和它对宿主细胞,甚至是整个机体的影响之间的关系进行更进一步的研究。(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推荐原始出处:
Journal of Virology, December 2009 doi:10.1128/JVI.01613-09
The Bovine Immunodeficiency Virus Rev Protein: Identification of a Novel Lentiviral Bipartite Nuclear Localization Signal Harboring an Atypical Spacer Sequence
Andrea Gomez Corredor and Denis Archambault*
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Québec at Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 3P8
The bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) Rev protein (186 amino acids [aa] in length) is involved in the nuclear exportation of partially spliced and unspliced viral RNAs. Previous studies have shown that BIV Rev localizes in the nucleus and nucleolus of infected cells. Here we report the characterization of the nuclear/nucleolar localization signals (NLS/NoLS) of this protein. Through transfection of a series of deletion mutants of BIV Rev fused to enhanced green fluorescent protein and fluorescence microscopy analyses, we were able to map the NLS region between aa 71 and 110 of the protein. Remarkably, by conducting alanine substitution of basic residues within the aa 71 to 110 sequence, we demonstrated that the BIV Rev NLS is bipartite, maps to aa 71 to 74 and 95 to 101, and is predominantly composed of arginine residues. This is the first report of a bipartite Rev (or Rev-like) NLS in a lentivirus/retrovirus. Moreover, this NLS is atypical, as the length of the sequence between the motifs composing the bipartite NLS, e.g., the spacer sequence, is 20 aa. Further mutagenesis experiments also identified the NoLS region of BIV Rev. It localizes mainly within the NLS spacer sequence. In addition, the BIV Rev NoLS sequence differs from the consensus sequence reported for other viral and cellular nucleolar proteins. In summary, we conclude that the nucleolar and nuclear localizations of BIV Rev are mediated via novel NLS and NoLS motifs.