据美国每日科学网8月29日（北京时间）报道，美国科学家日前开发出了一种能测量人体单个细胞温度的纳米温度计，并首次证实细胞内部温度并不像整个机体那样遵循平均37℃的标准，不同细胞个体在温度上往往存在显著差异。对这一差异的研究将有助于开发出预防和治疗疾病的新方法。
Researchers are using quantum dots (shown in red) to take the temperature of living cells.
该研究由普林斯顿大学的杨浩（音译）和加州大学伯克利分校的林利维（音译）负责。他们在美国化学学会(ACS)第242次全国会议上公布了这一成果。
杨浩说，从化学角度对细胞进行研究，温度是一个重要指标，因为不同的化学反应都有可能使其发生变化。但今天，在海量的科学数据和文献中与此相关的研究却少之又少，因此，要想了解更多细胞内部的奇妙世界，就必须弄清楚细胞的温度及其变化规律。
为了测量比针尖还小的细胞的温度，研究人员使用了一种特制的纳米温度计。该温度计用镉和硒的量子点制成，小到足以进入单个细胞。当温度变化时，这些量子点就会发射出不同颜色的光，通过专门的仪器对这些光进行“解码”就能发现细胞的温度变化。
研究人员发现，在细胞内部不断进行着各种各样的生化反应，这些反应都会产生热量。但有些细胞要比其他细胞更活跃，因此释放出来的热量也更多。杨浩的团队还通过刺激细胞的方式，提高细胞的生化活性，以观察其对温度的影响。
杨浩解释说，这些温度变化可能与身体的健康状况相关。细胞内部温度的变化可能会改变DNA的工作方式或蛋白质分子的运行机制。如果温度上升到足够高时，一些蛋白质可能会发生改变并停止生产。
杨浩说：“长期以来，不少科学家都怀疑人体内的细胞具有各自不同的温度。但通过实验对该推测进行证实，这还是第一次。这让我们产生了一个新的设想——或许温度变化是一种人们所不知道的、细胞间相互沟通的新方式。”
研究人员称，目前他们正在试图通过进一步的实验找出这种温度变化的调节机制，该研究有望在未来开发出预防和治疗疾病的新方法。
生物探索推荐英文文章阅读：
Nano-Thermometers Show First Temperature Response Differences Within Living Cells
Using a modern version of open-wide-and-keep-this-under-your-tongue, scientists have reported taking the temperature of individual cells in the human body, and finding for the first time that temperatures inside do not adhere to the familiar 98.6 degree Fahrenheit norm. They presented the research at the 242nd National Meeting & Exposition of the American Chemical Society (ACS), being held in Denver.
Haw Yang and Liwei Lin, who collaborated on the research, did not use a familiar fever thermometer to check the temperature of cells, the 100 trillion or so microscopic packages of skin, nerve, heart, liver and other material that make up the human body. Cells are so small that almost 60,000 would fit on the head of a common pin. Yang is with Princeton University and Lin is with the University California-Berkeley.
"We used 'nano-thermometers'," Yang explained. "They are quantum dots, semiconductor crystals small enough to go right into an individual cell, where they change color as the temperature changes. We used quantum dots of cadmium and selenium that emit different colors (wavelengths) of light that correspond to temperature, and we can see that as a color change with our instruments."
Yang said that information about the temperatures inside cells is important, but surprisingly lacking among the uncountable terabytes of scientific data available today.
"The inside of a cell is so complicated, and we know very little about it," he pointed out. "When one thinks about chemistry, temperature is one of the most important physical factors that can change in a chemical reaction. So, we really wanted to know more about the chemistry inside a cell, which can tell us more about how the chemistry of life occurs."
Scientists long have suspected that temperatures vary inside individual cells. Yang explained that thousands of biochemical reactions at the basis of life are constantly underway inside cells. Some of those reactions produce energy and heat. But some cells are more active than others, and the unused energy is discharged as heat. Parts of individual cells also may be warmer because they harbor biochemical power plants termed mitochondria for producing energy.
The researchers got that information by inserting the nano-thermometers into mouse cells growing in laboratory dishes. They found temperature differences of a few degrees Fahrenheit between one part of some cells and another, with parts of cells both warmer and cooler than others. Their temperature measurements are not yet accurate enough to give an exact numerical figure. Yang's team also intentionally stimulated cells in ways that boosted the biochemical activity inside cells and observed temperature changes.
Yang says that those temperature changes may have body-wide impacts in determining health and disease. Increases in temperature inside a cell, for instance, may change the way that the genetic material called DNA works, and thus the way that the genes, which are made from DNA, work. Changing the temperature will also change how protein molecular machines operate. At higher temperatures, some proteins may become denatured, shutting down production.
"With these nano thermometer experiments, I believe we are the first to show that the temperature responses inside individual living cells are heterogeneous -- or different," said Yang. "This leads us to our next hypothesis, which is that cells may use differences in temperature as a way to communicate."
Yang's team is now conducting experiments to determine what regulates the temperature inside individual cells. One goal is to apply the information in improving prevention, diagnosis and treatment of diseases.
