导读:即便眼睛完全缺失,一些动物通过使用与人类相同的视觉通路表现出光敏感性。人们已经知道水螅的刺细胞具有触觉和味觉的敏感性,但是之前没人认识到它具有光敏性。本研究首次发现这些特点:水螅的光敏基因在刺细胞附近表达;在不同的光条件下,这类细胞被激活的倾向性也不同。
水螅具有和人一样的视觉通路(左为水螅,右为触须)
半只眼有什么好处?进化生物学家在研究视力的起源方面遇到一些问题,而加州大学圣巴巴拉分校的新研究给出一个可能答案——即便眼睛完全缺失,一些动物通过使用与人类相同的视觉通路表现出光敏感性。这项研究发表在3月5日的BMC生物学期刊上。
加州大学圣巴巴拉分校生态、进化和海洋生物学Todd Oakley教授共同撰写了关于水螅——一种淡水珊瑚虫——遗传行为的论文。像水母、海葵和珊瑚一样,水螅也属于肠腔动物,靠刺细胞捕食。水螅的触须含有有毒的刺细胞,在进食前用其击晕诸如水蚤、浮游生物等猎物。它们还使用刺细胞执行自卫和移动的功能。
研究人员揭示了光线直接作用于水螅刺细胞的调控,该现象的发现者Oakley称:“这种动物的生物学特征向我们呈现全新的认识,并且可延伸到其它种类的肠腔动物。”
Oakley称:“人们已经知道水螅的刺细胞具有触觉和味觉的敏感性,但是之前没人认识到它具有光敏性(刺细胞的光敏性可能归因于眼睛的缺失)。我们首次发现这些特点:水螅的光敏基因在刺细胞附近表达;在不同的光条件下,这类细胞被激活的倾向性也不同。”
在亮光和昏暗的条件下对水螅进行研究,研究人员发现亮光确实能抑制刺细胞的激活,这很可能是因为猎物在黄昏和日落之后更加趋于活跃。Oakley称,亮光可能充当昼夜节律的线索以提醒水螅何时去取食。
研究发现,水螅感光细胞中的光敏蛋白opsin调控着鱼叉状刺细胞的激活,而在水螅捕捉猎物的过程中发现的刺细胞通过水纹发起攻击。
科学家称:“opsin蛋白和刺细胞的结合有助于解释水螅在眼睛缺失情况下对光有反应。感觉神经包含离子通道和额外的光传导蛋白,光传导过程需要把光转变成电信号,人体中该过程发生在视网膜上。”
Oakley 称:“我们不能称之为视觉,因为据我们所知水螅处理的信息停留在光线层面,而视力要比这复杂得多,不过,我们研究的这类基因是视力形成的重要因素。作为遗传学家,我们能看到:‘光感受作用除了促进视力外还能执行一些意想不到的功能。’半只眼有什么好处?即便没有眼睛,感光功能还是存在的,或许我们还没有认识到这一点。”
Cnidocyte discharge is regulated by light and opsin-mediated phototransduction
David C Plachetzki, Caitlin R Fong and Todd H Oakley
Background
Cnidocytes, the eponymous cell type of the Cnidaria, facilitate both sensory and secretory functions and are among the most complex animal cell types known. In addition to their structural complexity, cnidocytes display complex sensory attributes, integrating both chemical and mechanical cues from the environment into their discharge behavior. Despite more than a century of work aimed at understanding the sensory biology of cnidocytes, the specific sensory receptor genes that regulate their function remain unknown.
Results
Here we report that light also regulates cnidocyte function. We show that non-cnidocyte neurons located in battery complexes of the freshwater polyp Hydra magnipapillata specifically express opsin, cyclic nucleotide gated (CNG) ion channel and arrestin, which are all known components of bilaterian phototransduction cascades. We infer from behavioral trials that different light intensities elicit significant effects on cnidocyte discharge propensity. Harpoon-like stenotele cnidocytes show a pronounced diminution of discharge behavior under bright light conditions as compared to dim light. Further, we show that suppression of firing by bright light is ablated by cis-diltiazem, a specific inhibitor of CNG ion channels.
Conclusions
Our results implicate an ancient opsin-mediated phototransduction pathway and a previously unknown layer of sensory complexity in the control of cnidocyte discharge. These findings also suggest a molecular mechanism for the regulation of other cnidarian behaviors that involve both photosensitivity and cnidocyte function, including diurnal feeding repertoires and/or substrate based locomotion. More broadly, our findings highlight one novel, non-visual function for opsin-mediated phototransduction in a cnidarian, the origins of which might have preceded the evolution of cnidarian eyes.