牙齿釉质是生物体中含矿物质最多的组织,硬度高且再生能力强。据美国物理学家组织网报道,美国匹兹堡大学牙科医学院正在研究牙齿釉质的形成过程,希望以此开发出功能更强的生物性纳米新材料。该研究发表在本周《美国国家科学院院刊》网站上。
匹兹堡牙科医学院空腔生物学副教授伊利亚•贝纳什解释说,牙齿釉质通过生物矿化作用形成,它们具有高硬度和复原能力,这是因为它们拥有一种类似复杂的陶瓷微纤维的独特结构。
“当牙齿生长成形后,釉质就开始生长,微小的矿物晶体悬浮着。”贝纳什说,“我们在实验中再现了釉质形成的早期阶段。在此过程中,有一种名为釉原蛋白的蛋白质发挥了关键作用。”
研究小组发现,釉原蛋白分子的自行组装是逐级进行的,先形成一种较小的低聚材料,再由这些低聚材料组成更复杂的高级材料。它们先将微小的磷酸钙粒子稳定地连在一起,就像把一系列小点连成线,这个过程是牙齿和骨骼形成釉质的主要矿化阶段,然后再把线排成平行阵列,排列完毕后,纳米粒子就会融合在一起形成结晶,成为高度矿化的釉质结构。
贝纳什指出,釉原蛋白的自行组装能力在指导纳米粒子点连接的过程中发挥了关键作用,纳米粒子点再连成复杂的高度有序化的结构。研究并模拟这一过程,能帮助我们用生物分子构建纳米级的矿物材料,为牙科领域和其他应用带来新的纳米技术和生物纳米材料。
生物探索推荐英文论文摘要:
Hierarchical self-assembly of amelogenin and the regulation of biomineralization at the nanoscale
Abstract
Enamel is a highly organized hierarchical nanocomposite, which consists of parallel arrays of elongated apatitic crystallites forming an intricate three-dimensional microstructure. Amelogenin, the major extracellular matrix protein of dental enamel, regulates the formation of these crystalline arrays via cooperative interactions with forming mineral phase. Using cryoelectron microscopy, we demonstrate that amelogenin undergoes stepwise hierarchical self-assembly. Furthermore, our results indicate that interactions between amelogenin hydrophilic C-terminal telopeptides are essential for oligomer formation and for subsequent steps of hierarchical self-assembly. We further show that amelogenin assemblies stabilize mineral prenucleation clusters and guide their arrangement into linear chains that organize as parallel arrays. The prenucleation clusters subsequently fuse together to form needle-shaped mineral particles, leading to the formation of bundles of crystallites, the hallmark structural organization of the forming enamel at the nanoscale. These findings provide unique insight into the regulation of biological mineralization by specialized macromolecules and an inspiration for bottom-up strategies for the materials design.
