摘要:为帮助人们减掉身上赘肉,研究人员开展各项研究。美国一项研究显示,食物种类丰富助增食欲,而食物一成不变则有助减肥。
测耐性
常吃某种药物的人容易产生“耐药性”,想获得同样疗效,人们通常需要在吃药一段时间后加大剂量。先前没有研究证明肥胖人士和普通人对药物具有同样耐受力,美国营养学会研究人员希望通过实验观察,人们是否会对某种食物产生同样“疲劳”。
他们召集32名女性志愿者参与实验。这32人中,一半为肥胖人士,一半体重正常。她们被分成两组,在电脑上工作半小时后可得到一份食物作为奖励。所获食物为通心粉加奶酪。
分组时,肥胖人士和普通人随机分配。其中一组测试时间为5周,每周完成一次工作,获得一份通心粉加奶酪;另一组则是一周内连续5天获得同样食物。
有“疲劳”
结果显示,一周连续5天吃通心粉加奶酪的实验组,结束测试时,每人日均摄入热量减少100卡路里;对照组则食量有所增加,平均多摄入大约30卡路里。
美国营养学会发言人、华盛顿州立大学营养学助教谢利·麦圭尔说,实验表明,每天吃同样食物会让人产生“疲劳”,一周一次则不会,但实验尚无法揭示,对某种食物产生“疲劳”究竟需要多长时间。
此外,研究人员先前猜测,比起普通人,胖人对食物产生“疲劳”或许需要更长时间,但实验结果显示,两者没有明显区别。
研究人员在发表于8月号《美国临床营养学期刊》(The American Journal of clinical nutrition)上的报告中写道,对减肥人士而言,减少食物变化是“重要策略”。
麦奎尔说,研究为“揭开减肥谜团带来有趣的部分,就是食物单调确实可以减少卡路里摄入”,“(减肥)技巧就在于把握营养食物摄入的平衡”。
大问题
肥胖已成为美国越来越严峻的社会问题。美国疾病控制和预防中心去年8月发布报告说,美国成年人中超过7200万人肥胖,比例超过四分之一,而实际肥胖患者人数可能更多。报告说,肥胖已成为“公众健康一大威胁”,形势日益严峻,平均每名肥胖患者比正常体重的人多花1429美元医药费。
今年伊始,一项民调显示,在美国人诸多愿望和目标中,减肥位列第二。
而美国营养学会先前一项调查显示,美国人虽然希望能够减肥保健康,却不希望营养专家对自己的饮食“指手画脚”。
美国营养学会研究人员在报告中说,实验还无法揭示类似食物是否都会让人产生“疲劳”,比如,“一个人是不是会对奶酪比萨、意大利辣香肠比萨或蘑菇比萨产生同样‘耐性’”,但基于“疲劳”来自对上一餐的记忆,或许经常回顾先前饮食有助缩短产生“疲劳”的时间。
生物探索推荐英文论文摘要:
Long-term habituation to food in obese and nonobese women
Abstract
Background: Habituation is a form of learning in which repeated exposure to a stimulus leads to a decrease in responding. Eating involves repeated presentation of the same food stimulus in a meal, and habituation is reliably observed within a meal such that faster rates of habituation are associated with less energy intake. It is possible that repeated presentation of the same food over days will lead to long-term habituation, such that subjects habituate to foods repeated over meals. However, no research on long-term habituation to food in humans has been conducted.
Objective: The current study was designed to assess long-term habituation in 16 obese and 16 nonobese premenopausal women.
Design: Obese and nonobese women (aged 20–50 y) were randomly assigned to receive a macaroni and cheese meal presented 5 times, either daily for 1 wk or once per week for 5 wk.
Results: In both obese and nonobese women, daily presentation of food resulted in faster habituation and less energy intake than did once-weekly presentation of food.
Conclusions: Long-term habituation was observed when the same food was presented at daily meals but not when presented once weekly for 5 wk. These results provide the first evidence of long-term habituation to food in women and show that memory of food over daily meals can increase the rate of habituation and reduce energy intake. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01208870.
