城市化的迅速发展(到2050年世界上三分之二的人口将生活在城市里)会带来很大的健康问题。虽然在城市生活有很多优势,但精神分裂症在出生在城市的人当中要比在来自人口密度较低地区的人当中更为普遍,而且在城市中生活还会增加抑郁症和焦虑症的发病率。曾有人提出,社会压力在这些效应中起一定作用,但其中所涉及的机制却不清楚。
近日德国海德堡大学心理健康研究所的Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg领导的一个科研小组在所做的一项功能性核磁共振成像研究中,证实城市人与农村人大脑中的某些特定结构在压力应激过程中显示不同的反应。这项工作第一次识别了将社会环境与精神疾病联系起来的潜在机制,并有助于规划更健康的城市环境。相关研究论文被选为封面故事发布在最新一期的《自然》(Nature)杂志上。
精神分裂症
Meyer-Lindenberg长期以来主要从事精神分裂症的风险机制研究,并将研究重点集中在一些相关的基因功能研究上。“尽管有十几个基因被证实与精神分裂症有关,然而研究表明所有这些基因联合作用也仅占疾病风险的20%。而目前城市精神分裂症的发病率却比农村要高两倍,并且城市规模越大发病风险也随之增高”,Meyer-Lindenberg说。
鉴于此, Meyer-Lindenberg将焦点转移到了城市生活对精神疾病影响的相关机制上。在新研究中,研究人员招募了32个学生志愿者,在他们进行算术测验的过程中通过耳机不断给予他们负性反馈,并同时对他们进行大脑磁共振成像扫描。“当时,我们不断提醒他们,他们的测试慢于他人,催促他们赶快完成,由此引发他们的挫败感”,Meyer-Lindenberg说。
进而研究人员监测了压力对于这些志愿者大脑特定区域的影响。核磁共振成像结果表明主管负面情绪的一个关键脑结构(杏仁核)被发现在来自城市的志愿者的应激过程中更活跃,另一个起调控作用的区域(扣带皮层)在出生在城市里的人当中更为活跃。为了验证这一实验结果,Meyer-Lindenberg随后进行了另一组实验,并在实验过程中给受试者加入了视觉反馈。最终他们获得了与上一组实验一样的实验结果。
目前Meyer-Lindenberg正计划在城乡差异更明显的普通人群中重复这一实验。此外他还打算进一步研究其他社会因素例如移民、绿化、人口密度对于城市居住人口的精神生物学影响,以帮助规划出更健康的城市环境。
推荐英文原文摘要:
City living and urban upbringing affect neural social stress processing in humans
More than half of the world’s population now lives in cities, making the creation of a healthy urban environment a major policy priority1. Cities have both health risks and benefits1, but mental health is negatively affected: mood and anxiety disorders are more prevalent in city dwellers2 and the incidence of schizophrenia is strongly increased in people born and raised in cities3, 4, 5, 6. Although these findings have been widely attributed to the urban social environment2, 3, 7, 8, the neural processes that could mediate such associations are unknown. Here we show, using functional magnetic resonance imaging in three independent experiments, that urban upbringing and city living have dissociable impacts on social evaluative stress processing in humans. Current city living was associated with increased amygdala activity, whereas urban upbringing affected the perigenual anterior cingulate cortex, a key region for regulation of amygdala activity, negative affect9 and stress10. These findings were regionally and behaviourally specific, as no other brain structures were affected and no urbanicity effect was seen during control experiments invoking cognitive processing without stress. Our results identify distinct neural mechanisms for an established environmental risk factor, link the urban environment for the first time to social stress processing, suggest that brain regions differ in vulnerability to this risk factor across the lifespan, and indicate that experimental interrogation of epidemiological associations is a promising strategy in social neuroscience.