一个来自德州生物医学研究所的科研小组比较了甲型肝炎病毒(HAV)与丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)对黑猩猩的感染,研究结果出乎意料,重新审视机体免疫系统对这些病毒的反应。这对于了解丙型肝炎如何变为慢性疾病也是非常重要的,因为在美国有320万人,世界范围内约有2亿人长期忍受丙型肝炎的折磨,这种病会进一步恶化为肝硬化和肝癌。在美国,由于丙型肝炎病毒感染而造成的肝癌是目前癌症死亡率迅速增加的主要原因。
德州生物医学研究所病毒学家Robert E. Lanford博士说:“值得注意的是,我们发现HAV比HCV更容易躲过免疫屏障而侵入机体,最终导致慢性感染。”
丙型肝炎感染的特点是免疫系统出现了故障,不能正常的攻击和清除病毒。Lanford说:“我们怀疑这种免疫系统故障也可能有助于艾滋病毒和乙肝病毒的感染。”研究比较了两种类似病毒对肝脏的感染,结果表明HAV总是被免疫系统清除,HCV却可以经常躲开免疫反应,该研究小组希望能解开HCV终身持续感染之谜。
该研究小组包含了来自德州生物医学研究所的科学家、Chapel Hill北卡罗来纳大学(UNC)的科学家,以及哥伦布全国儿童医院的科研人员。该项研究以黑猩猩为实验动物,在德州生物医学研究所的西南国家灵长类动物研究中心(SNPRC)开展,由美国国立卫生研究院资助,研究结果发表于6月20日的美国国家科学院院刊(PNAS)。
这项研究提供了关于免疫系统如何应对丙型肝炎病毒这一过程中的一些必需的信息,还加强了黑猩猩研究的重要性,目前,黑猩猩是易感染HCV的唯一动物模型,是肝脏中与这两种病毒感染相关的基因表达中检测分子差异的关键所在。
俄亥俄州哥伦布市全国儿童医院Christopher M. Walker博士发现:T细胞对HAV的反应是特异性的。Lanford解释道:“我们期望免疫反应能在很短的时间内杀死所有感染了HAV的细胞,但是一年以后,甚至在病症恢复以后,我们仍然可以在肝脏中检测到这种病毒的基因组。”
UNC医学博士 Stanley M. Lemon说:“肝炎病毒和人类共同进化了很长一段时间,他们具备良好的能力,可以躲过免疫系统,但是没有人知道丙型肝炎是如何变成一种慢性感染病的。”
德州生物医学研究所首席科学家、SNPRC主任John L. VandeBerg博士说:“这项研究带来了令人惊讶和令人振奋的结果,进一步凸显了以黑猩猩为模型的肝炎病毒感染的研究价值。”(生物探索译)
生物探索推荐原文摘要:
Acute hepatitis A virus infection is associated with a limited type I interferon response and persistence of intrahepatic viral RNA
Abstract
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is an hepatotropic human picornavirus that is associated only with acute infection. Its pathogenesis is not well understood because there are few studies in animal models using modern methodologies. We characterized HAV infections in three chimpanzees, quantifying viral RNA by quantitative RT-PCR and examining critical aspects of the innate immune response including intrahepatic IFN-stimulated gene expression. We compared these infection profiles with similar studies of chimpanzees infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV), an hepatotropic flavivirus that frequently causes persistent infection. Surprisingly, HAV-infected animals exhibited very limited induction of type I IFN-stimulated genes in the liver compared with chimpanzees with acute resolving HCV infection, despite similar levels of viremia and 100-fold greater quantities of viral RNA in the liver. Minimal IFN-stimulated gene 15 and IFIT1 responses peaked 1–2 wk after HAV challenge and then subsided despite continuing high hepatic viral RNA. An acute inflammatory response at 3–4 wk correlated with the appearance of virus-specific antibodies and apoptosis and proliferation of hepatocytes. Despite this, HAV RNA persisted in the liver for months, remaining present long after clearance from serum and feces and revealing dramatic differences in the kinetics of clearance in the three compartments. Viral RNA was detected in the liver for significantly longer (35 to >48 wk) than HCV RNA in animals with acute resolving HCV infection (10–20 wk). Collectively, these findings indicate that HAV is far stealthier than HCV early in the course of acute resolving infection. HAV infections represent a distinctly different paradigm in virus–host interactions within the liver.