美国研究人员发现,学习新事物之后打个盹是个好习惯。如果梦到之前的学习内容,可以加深记忆、增强学习效果。
相关研究成果发表在最新一期《当代生物学》杂志上。
冲出“迷宫”
美国哈佛大学研究人员征集99名志愿者参与实验,要求他们学习电脑屏幕上出现的3D迷宫布局,以便几小时后找到虚拟空间出口。
学习结束后,研究人员允许半数实验对象小睡两小时,另一半人可以回想学习内容,但不能入睡。5小时后,全部受试者重新“进入”迷宫寻找出口。
研究人员发现,有4名受试者梦到迷宫任务,他们找到出口的速度最快,是其他没有做梦的人的10倍。
哈佛大学医学院睡眠与认知中心主任罗伯特斯蒂克戈尔德是研究报告撰写人之一,美国健康生活网站22日援引他的话报道:“这4名受试者做梦时大脑某部分重现了迷宫布局,这能够加深记忆,帮助他们胜出。”
梦中“工作”
斯蒂克戈尔德说,梦境也许代表脑部正在不同层次处理相同问题,“做梦可能反映出大脑试图找出不同记忆之间的联系,进而形成经验,以便日后遇到相同状况时派上用场”。
报告共同撰写人埃琳瓦姆斯利认为,这种现象说明在梦中大脑的无意识区仍在处理其认定的最重要事情。她说:“每天人都会接触到数量惊人的信息和新经验,这可以看做是梦境在向人发问――我该如何利用这些信息来提高生活质量。”
斯蒂克戈尔德建议人们利用这种现象来提高学习能力和记忆效果。比方说,学生最好在晚上就寝前用功读书,或者下午集中精力学习一段时间后打个盹儿。
“在清醒状态下,大脑每运转两小时就要用一小时加工获得的信息,所以每天夜间我们需要睡眠8小时,”斯蒂克戈尔德说。
招来“误解”
这项实验还存在疑问:在迷宫游戏中有近50人获准睡去,为什么仅有4人能够梦到任务?
斯蒂克戈尔德说,在另一项“高山滑雪游戏”测试中,86%的受试者能在梦中重现任务,这形成了鲜明对比。
据他推测,也许是因为迷宫游戏“比较单调乏味,不像‘高山滑雪’那样吸引人”。斯蒂克戈尔德说下一步会尽力弄清原因。
专门研究睡眠问题的美国加利福尼亚大学戴维斯分校教授欧文范伯格并不认同这项研究成果,他说:“没有确凿证据表明睡眠对加深记忆有任何作用。”
斯蒂克戈尔德回应说,这是对自己研究成果的曲解,“我并没有说过需要补充睡眠来保持记忆力”。
推荐原文出处:
Current Biology 10.1016/j.cub.2010.03.027
Dreaming of a Learning Task Is Associated with Enhanced Sleep-Dependent Memory Consolidation
Erin J. Wamsley, Matthew Tucker, Jessica D. Payne, Joseph A. Benavides, Robert Stickgold
It is now well established that postlearning sleep is beneficial for human memory performance [1,2,3,4,5]. Meanwhile, human and animal studies have demonstrated that learning-related neural activity is re-expressed during posttraining nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep [6,7,8,9]. NREM sleep processes appear to be particularly beneficial for hippocampus-dependent forms of memory [1,2,3,10]. These observations suggest that learning triggers the reactivation and reorganization of memory traces during sleep, a systems-level process that in turn enhances behavioral performance. Here, we hypothesized that dreaming about a learning experience during NREM sleep would be associated with improved performance on a hippocampus-dependent spatial memory task. Subjects were trained on a virtual navigation task and then retested on the same task 5 hr after initial training. Improved performance at retest was strongly associated with task-related dream imagery during an intervening afternoon nap. Task-related thoughts during wakefulness, in contrast, did not predict improved performance. These observations suggest that sleep-dependent memory consolidation in humans is facilitated by the offline reactivation of recently formed memories, and furthermore that dream experiences reflect this memory processing. That similar effects were not observed during wakefulness suggests that these mnemonic processes are specific to the sleep state.