瑞典研究人员发现,母乳中一种物质能够有效杀死癌细胞。他们希望用这种物质研发新的治癌药物,给癌症患者带来治疗希望。
相关研究成果发表在学术期刊《公共科学图书馆综合》(PLoS ONE)上。
母乳喂养有利于婴儿健康成长。
无任何副作用
瑞典哥德堡大学和隆德大学研究人员通过实验室实验发现,母乳中的阿尔法-乳白蛋白和脂肪酸结合后形成的混合物能够杀死40种癌细胞。研究人员根据这种物质的英文字母缩写HAMLET将其命名为“哈姆雷特”。
英国《每日邮报》4月20日援引哥德堡大学化学系助理教授勒格尔卡尔松的话报道:“其实几年前人们就在母乳中发现了这种物质,但直到现在才有条件去测试它对人体产生的作用。”
研究人员对膀胱癌患者进行为期5天的治疗,他们通过导管把“哈姆雷特”注射入受试者体内,发现每次治疗后患者尿液中都有被杀死的癌细胞。
“结果证明这种物质能够在短期内有效减少癌细胞数量,研究人员会继续检测它对皮肤癌、细胞黏膜癌、脑癌的治疗效果。最重要的是,这种物质没有副作用,它只消灭癌细胞,不会危害健康细胞。”卡尔松说。
卡尔松说,这一重大成果其实是研究人员“无心插柳”的意外发现,当时他们只是在检测母乳的抗菌性能。
他说:“实际上,当时研究人员正在母乳中寻找抗菌物质,结果却在一项测试中意外发现‘哈姆雷特’能够杀死癌细胞。”
可在婴儿胃部形成
这项发现将使“母乳与奶粉哪一个更有益婴儿健康”的争论升级。
卡尔松说:“截至目前,没有证据表明母乳可以自行生成‘哈姆雷特’。但据推断,它能够在婴儿胃部的酸性环境中产生。”
“由此可见母乳喂养确实能够降低婴儿患癌危险。”他说。
这让卡尔松受到启发。他模拟婴儿胃部酸性环境,进而合成“哈姆雷特”。
5年内可治癌症?
目前完成的初步研究尚有局限,因为“哈姆雷特”必须被准确注入癌细胞中才能发挥作用。卡尔松说:“如果医生能够把它注入流向癌细胞的静脉血液,也能产生相同疗效。”
研究人员认为,“哈姆雷特”或对治疗儿童癌症患者具有积极效果,他们希望能够尽快展开临床试验。卡尔松说,利用“哈姆雷特”治疗癌症将成为现有化疗方法的有效补充。他预测,这种疗法将在5年内普遍运用于成人癌症患者治疗。
卡尔松强调,推广这一抗癌疗法的关键在于尽快把“哈姆雷特”开发成药物。
《公共科学图书馆综合》发表论文摘要(英文)
HAMLET Interacts with Lipid Membranes and Perturbs Their Structure and Integrity
Ann-Kristin Mossberg1#, Maja Puchades2#, Øyvind Halskau3#, Anne Baumann3, Ingela Lanekoff2, Yinxia Chao4, Aurora Martinez3, Catharina Svanborg1,4*, Roger Karlsson2
Abstract
Background
Cell membrane interactions rely on lipid bilayer constituents and molecules inserted within the membrane, including specific receptors. HAMLET (human α-lactalbumin made lethal to tumor cells) is a tumoricidal complex of partially unfolded α-lactalbumin (HLA) and oleic acid that is internalized by tumor cells, suggesting that interactions with the phospholipid bilayer and/or specific receptors may be essential for the tumoricidal effect. This study examined whether HAMLET interacts with artificial membranes and alters membrane structure.
Methodology/Principal Findings
We show by surface plasmon resonance that HAMLET binds with high affinity to surface adherent, unilamellar vesicles of lipids with varying acyl chain composition and net charge. Fluorescence imaging revealed that HAMLET accumulates in membranes of vesicles and perturbs their structure, resulting in increased membrane fluidity. Furthermore, HAMLET disrupted membrane integrity at neutral pH and physiological conditions, as shown by fluorophore leakage experiments. These effects did not occur with either native HLA or a constitutively unfolded Cys-Ala HLA mutant (rHLAall-Ala). HAMLET also bound to plasma membrane vesicles formed from intact tumor cells, with accumulation in certain membrane areas, but the complex was not internalized by these vesicles or by the synthetic membrane vesicles.
Conclusions/Significance
The results illustrate the difference in membrane affinity between the fatty acid bound and fatty acid free forms of partially unfolded HLA and suggest that HAMLET engages membranes by a mechanism requiring both the protein and the fatty acid. Furthermore, HAMLET binding alters the morphology of the membrane and compromises its integrity, suggesting that membrane perturbation could be an initial step in inducing cell death.