
美国哈佛大学干细胞生物学家通过活小鼠实验证明,脑中的神经元也能改变“身份”,通过直接谱系重编程,一种已经分化了的神经元能被转化成另一种神经元。研究人员指出,这一发现表明脑细胞并非像人们过去认为的那样是不可改变的,这有可能改变神经生物学的发展方向,并对治疗神经退行性疾病产生重大影响。相关论文在线发表于1月20日《自然·细胞生物学》杂志上。
实验中,研究人员把胼胝体投射神经元转变成了类似的皮质脊髓运动神经元。胼胝体投射神经元把大脑两半球连在一起,皮质脊髓运动神经元受损则能导致肌萎缩侧索硬化症(ALS)。为了让神经元变身,他们用了一种名为Fezf2的转录因子,这种转录因子已知在胚胎皮质脊髓神经元的发育中起着核心作用。
研究人员说:“在自然界,我们从未见过一种神经元改变自己的‘身份’。”哈佛大学干细胞与再生生物学(SCRB)系副教授Paola Arlotta说,“这项研究也是对‘活体神经元本性不可更改’这一信条的检验,我们已经毫无疑问地证明它们可以改变。”虽然这只是概念性的简单实验,但技术上却非常困难。
该实验开始于5年前,研究人员分析了成千上万的神经元,寻找可能暗示着开启重编程的分子标记和新连接,直到两年前才有了突破。更重要的是,这一实验是在活小鼠的脑中而不是在培养皿中进行的。由于实验小鼠比较年轻,因此他们还不确定在更老的动物甚至人类身上,实验能否成功。如果可能的话,将对治疗神经退行性疾病产生重大影响。
Arlotta说:“神经退行性疾病通常只影响某一种神经元,其他种类的神经元大部分保持完好。比如在ALS中,最受影响的是脑中的皮质脊髓运动神经元和脊髓中的运动神经元,其他系统中的神经元只是选择性死亡。如果能利用幸存下来的神经元,直接变成皮质脊髓运动神经元,即使只有很小的比例,也足够用于恢复基本功能了。”
目前,Arlotta正与哈佛分子与细胞生物学系同事合作,解释神经元重编程的生理机制,并研究它们是怎样和以前的神经网络进行通讯的。阿罗塔希望这项研究能有助于探索神经生物学新领域的边界,推动从神经元重编程到疾病相关生物路径重设计的发展。

Direct lineage reprogramming of post-mitotic callosal neurons into corticofugal neurons in vivo
Caroline Rouaux & Paola Arlotta
Once programmed to acquire a specific identity and function, cells rarely change in vivo1. Neurons of the mammalian central nervous system (CNS) in particular are a classic example of a stable, terminally differentiated cell type. With the exception of the adult neurogenic niches, where a limited set of neuronal subtypes continue to be generated throughout life2, 3, CNS neurons are born only during embryonic and early postnatal development. Once generated, neurons become permanently post-mitotic and do not change their identity for the lifespan of the organism. Here, we have investigated whether excitatory neurons of the neocortex can be instructed to directly reprogram their identity post-mitotically from one subtype into another, in vivo. We show that embryonic and early postnatal callosal projection neurons of layer II/III can be post-mitotically lineage reprogrammed into layer-V/VI corticofugal projection neurons following expression of the transcription factor encoded by Fezf2. Reprogrammed callosal neurons acquire molecular properties of corticofugal projection neurons and change their axonal connectivity from interhemispheric, intracortical projections to corticofugal projections directed below the cortex. The data indicate that during a window of post-mitotic development neurons can change their identity, acquiring critical features of alternative neuronal lineages.
文献链接:Direct lineage reprogramming of post-mitotic callosal neurons into corticofugal neurons in vivo
