编者按：
美国东部时间5月26日上午10点，哈佛大学生物系博士毕业生何江作为优秀研究生代表发表演讲。何江是哈佛大学历史上第一位享此殊荣的中国大陆学生。
这位1988年出生于湖南农村、家境一般的中国学生，凭借自己的努力，在中国科技大学获得了最高荣誉奖——郭沫若奖学金后，进入哈佛大学硕博连读，如今又获得了相当于哈佛大学给予毕业生的最高荣誉——从全校数万名毕业生中各选出一名本科生和研究生代表作毕业演讲。
何江在毕业演讲中讲述了一个自己中学时代被毒蜘蛛咬伤的“农村故事”，进而推及到自己在哈佛大学所切身体会到的先进科技知识，他说道，“作为一名科学家，积极地将我们所会的知识传递给那些急需这些知识的人是多么地重要”。
“改变世界可以非常简单”。在演讲的最后，何江说，“改变世界也意味着我们的社会，作为一个整体，能够更清醒地认识到科技知识更加均衡的分布，是人类社会发展的一个关键环节，而我们也能够一起奋斗将此目标变成现实。”
撰文 | 何江
责编 | 李晓明、陈晓雪
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在我读初中的时候，有一次，一只毒蜘蛛咬伤了我的右手。我问我妈妈该怎么办，妈妈并没有带我去看医生，而是决定用火疗的方法治疗我的伤口。
她在我的手上包了好几层棉花，棉花上喷撒了白酒，在我的嘴里放了一双筷子后，妈妈打火点燃了棉花。热量逐渐渗透过棉花，开始炙烤我的右手。灼烧的疼痛让我忍不住想喊叫，可嘴里的筷子却让我发不出声来。我只能看着我的手被火烧着，一分钟、两分钟，直到妈妈熄灭了火苗。
你看，我在中国的农村长大，那个时候，我的村庄还是一个类似前工业时代的传统村落。在我出生时，我的村子里面没有汽车，没有电话，没有电，甚至也没有自来水。我们自然不能轻易获得先进的现代医疗资源。那个时候，我妈妈也找不到一个合适的医生可以来帮我处理蜘蛛咬过的伤口。
在座各位如果有生物背景的，你们或许已经理解到了我妈妈使用的治疗手段背后的基本原理：高热可以让蛋白质变性，而蜘蛛的毒液就是一种蛋白质。这样一种土方法实际上有它一定的理论依据，想来也是挺有意思的。但是，作为哈佛大学生物化学的博士，我现在知道在我初中那个时候，已经有更好的，没有那么痛苦的，风险也没那么大的治疗方法了。于是我忍不住会问自己，为什么我在当时没有能够享用到这些更为先进的治疗方法呢？
被蜘蛛咬伤的事已经过去大概十五年了。我非常高兴地向在座的各位报告，我的手还是完好的。但是，我刚刚提到的这个问题这些年来一直在我的脑海徘徊，而我也时不时会因为先进科技知识在全球不同地区的不平等分布而感到困扰。
现如今，我们人类已经学会怎么进行人类基因编辑了，也研究清楚了很多癌症发生发展的原因。我们甚至可以利用一束光来控制我们大脑内神经元的活动。每年生物医学的研究都会给我们带来不一样突破和进步，其中有不少令人振奋，也极具革命颠覆性的成果。
然而，尽管我们人类在科研上已经有了无数的建树，但怎样把这些最前沿的科学研究带到世界最需要该技术的地区，我们做得仍然不尽人意。世界银行的数据显示，世界上大约有12%的人口的生活水平仍然低于每天2美元。营养不良每年导致三百万儿童死亡。将近3亿人口仍然蒙受疟疾带来的痛苦。在世界各地，我们经常看到类似的由于贫穷、疾病和资源匮乏导致科学知识流动受阻。现代社会里习以为常的那些救生常识经常在这些欠发达或不发达地区未能得到普及。于是，在世界上仍有很多地区，人们只能依赖于用火疗这一简单粗暴的方式来治理蜘蛛咬伤事故。
在哈佛读书期间，我切身体会到先进的科技知识能够既简单又深远地帮助到很多人。本世纪初的时候，禽流感在亚洲多个国家肆虐。那个时候，村庄里的农民听到禽流感就像听到恶魔施咒一样，对其特别的恐惧。乡村的土医疗方法对这样一个疾病也是束手无策。农民对于普通感冒和流感的区别并不是很清楚，他们并不懂得流感比普通感冒可能更加致命。而且，大部分人对于科学家所发现的流感病毒能够跨不同物种传播这一事实并不清楚。
于是，当我认识到将受感染的不同物种隔离开等简单的卫生举措可以减缓疾病传播时，当我能够为将这些知识传递到我的村庄贡献力量时，我的内心第一次有了一种作为未来科学家的使命感。但这种使命感不只停在知识层面，它也是我个人道德发展的重要转折点，我自我理解的作为国际社会一员的责任感。
哈佛的教育教会我们敢于拥有自己的梦想，勇于立志改变世界。在毕业典礼这样一个特别的日子，我们在座的毕业生都会畅想我们未来的伟大征程和冒险。对我而言，我在此刻不可避免还会想到我的家乡。成长的经历提醒我，作为一名科学家，积极地将我们所会的知识传递给那些急需这些知识的人是多么地重要。因为利用那些我们已经拥有的科技知识，我们能够轻而易举地帮助我的家乡，还有千千万万类似的村庄，让他们生活的世界变成一个我们现代社会看起来习以为常的地方，而这样一件事，是我们每一个毕业生都能够做的，也都能够做到的。
但问题是，我们愿意来做这样的努力吗？
比以往任何时候，我们的社会都更强调科学和创新。但我们的社会同样需要关注的一个重心是将知识传递到那些真正需要的地方。改变世界并不意味着每个人都要做一个大突破。改变世界可以非常简单，它可以是作为世界不同地区的沟通者，找出更多创造性的方法将知识传递给像我母亲或农民这样的群体。同时，改变世界也意味着我们的社会，作为一个整体，能够更清醒地认识到科技知识更加均衡的分布，是人类社会发展的一个关键环节，而我们也能够一起奋斗将此目标变成现实。
如果我们能够做到这些，或许，将来有一天，一个在农村被毒蜘蛛咬伤的少年或许不用火疗治疗伤口，而是去看医生接受更为先进的医疗。
►何江在哈佛
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何江毕业演讲英文原文：
The Spider’s Bite
When I was in middle school, a poisonous spider bit my right hand. I ran to my mom for help—but instead of taking me to a doctor, my mom set my hand on fire.
After wrapping my hand with several layers of cotton, then soaking it in wine, she put a chopstick into my mouth, and ignited the cotton. Heat quickly penetrated the cotton and began to roast my hand. The searing pain made me want to scream, but the chopstick prevented it. All I could do was watch my hand burn - one minute, then two minutes –until mom put out the fire.
You see, the part of China I grew up in was a rural village, and at that time pre-industrial. When I was born, my village had no cars, no telephones, no electricity, not even running water. And we certainly didn’t have access to modern medical resources. There was no doctor my mother could bring me to see about my spider bite.
For those who study biology, you may have grasped the science behind my mom’s cure: heat deactivates proteins, and a spider’s venom is simply a form of protein. It’s cool how that folk remedy actually incorporates basic biochemistry, isn’t it? But I am a PhD student in biochemistry at Harvard, I now know that better, less painful and less risky treatments existed. So I can’t help but ask myself, why I didn’t receive one at the time?
Fifteen years have passed since that incident. I am happy to report that my hand is fine. But this question lingers, and I continue to be troubled by the unequal distribution of scientific knowledge throughout the world. We have learned to edit the human genome and unlock many secrets of how cancer progresses. We can manipulate neuronal activity literally with the switch of a light. Each year brings more advances in biomedical research-exciting, transformative accomplishments. Yet, despite the knowledge we have amassed, we haven’t been so successful in deploying it to where it’s needed most. According to the World Bank, twelve percent of the world’s population lives on less than $2 a day. Malnutrition kills more than 3 million children annually. Three hundred million people are afflicted by malaria globally. All over the world, we constantly see these problems of poverty, illness, and lack of resources impeding the flow of scientific information. Lifesaving knowledge we take for granted in the modern world is often unavailable in these underdeveloped regions. And in far too many places, people are still essentially trying to cure a spider bite with fire.
While studying at Harvard, I saw how scientific knowledge can help others in simple, yet profound ways. The bird flu pandemic in the 2000s looked to my village like a spell cast by demons. Our folk medicine didn’t even have half-measures to offer. What’s more, farmers didn’t know the difference between common cold and flu; they didn’t understand that the flu was much more lethal than the common cold. Most people were also unaware that the virus could transmit across different species.
So when I realized that simple hygiene practices like separating different animal species could contain the spread of the disease, and that I could help make this knowledge available to my village, that was my first “Aha” moment as a budding scientist. But it was more than that: it was also a vital inflection point in my own ethical development, my own self-understanding as a member of the global community.
Harvard dares us to dream big, to aspire to change the world. Here on this Commencement Day, we are probably thinking of grand destinations and big adventures that await us. As for me, I am also thinking of the farmers in my village. My experience here reminds me how important it is for researchers to communicate our knowledge to those who need it. Because by using the science we already have, we could probably bring my village and thousands like it into the world you and I take for granted every day. And that’s an impact every one of us can make!
But the question is, will we make the effort or not?
More than ever before, our society emphasizes science and innovation. But an equally important emphasis should be on distributing the knowledge we have to where it’s needed. Changing the world doesn’t mean that everyone has to find the next big thing. It can be as simple as becoming better communicators, and finding more creative ways to pass on the knowledge we have to people like my mom and the farmers in their local community. Our society also needs to recognize that the equal distribution of knowledge is a pivotal step of human development, and work to bring this into reality.
And if we do that, then perhaps a teenager in rural China who is bitten by a spider will not have to burn his hand, but will know to seek a doctor instead.
►颇有节日气氛的毕业典礼现场
何江演讲原标题为《蜘蛛咬伤轶事》，本文获搜狐教育授权刊载，略有修订。
